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Religious history --- Lorraine.

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This extraordinary book encompasses the time period from the first Christian evangelists' arrival in Latin America to the dictators of the late twentieth century. With unsurpassed knowledge of Latin American history, John Lynch sets out to explore the reception of Christianity by native peoples and how it influenced their social and religious lives as the centuries passed. As attentive to modern times as to the colonial period, Lynch also explores the extent to which Indian religion and ancestral ways survived within the new Christian culture.The book follows the development of religious culture over time by focusing on peak periods of change: the response of religion to the Enlightenment, the emergence of the Church from the wars of independence, the Romanization of Latin American religion as the papacy overtook the Spanish crown in effective control of the Church, the growing challenge of liberalism and the secular state, and in the twentieth century, military dictators' assaults on human rights. Throughout the narrative, Lynch develops a number of special themes and topics. Among these are the Spanish struggle for justice for Indians, the Church's position on slavery, the concept of popular religion as distinct from official religion, and the development of liberation theology.

Religion --- Religious history --- History. --- Latin America --- Church history. --- Religion.

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Napoleon --- Catholic Church --- History. --- France --- History --- Religious history

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Beguines balanced medieval gender norms with their characteristic independence to maintain a socially unthreatening posture. They occupied an ambiguous place at the intersection of lay and religious; their statutes codified their lifestyle and, crucially, presented a socially acceptable path in between. The findings of this dissertation provide greater nuance to our interpretation of beguines and revise and clarify the current historiographical understanding of beguines. Beguines did, however, follow rules and statutes - ones approved by local authorities such as parish or city councils or the nobility. This dissertation focuses on statutes for twelve beguinages and situates them within their larger context in the late medieval and early modern Low Countries. The statutes discussed various aspects of a beguine's life, from her clothing to her behavior in church and other public places. The statutes for beguine communities also helped to set the boundaries and characteristics of their lifestyle. A closer look at these sources reveals much, such as the beguines' attitudes towards relationships with men, the significance of physical appearances, the physical spaces of the beguinage, the importance of religious devotion, and beguines' interactions with and economic activities in their local town. These statutes demonstrate how beguines in general, and twelve beguinages in particular, negotiated a place for themselves within medieval society. My dissertation examines normative sources for beguine communities. Beguines were participants in a female religious movement that developed through the Late Middle Ages and into the sixteenth century in the Low Countries and elsewhere. They were semi-regular - a combination of lay and religious life. Historians often define beguines in opposition to the lifestyle of traditional, enclosed nuns: their vows were not permanent, and the Church hierarchy did not consider them to be an order that followed an "approved" rule. Beguinages were an expression of lay women's desire for a pious but active lifestyle. This ambiguity was often uncomfortable to outsiders and thus criticized. Yet beguines were ubiquitous in the medieval and early modern Low Countries (the geographical focus of this dissertation) and continued to remain a popular life choice for women despite threats from church councils and insinuations of heresy.

Europe --- European history. --- Medieval history. --- Middle Ages. --- Moyen Âge. --- Religion --- Religion. --- Religious history. --- religious history. --- History. --- Histoire.

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Patricia Crone's book is about the Iranian response to the Muslim penetration of the Iranian countryside, the revolts subsequently triggered there and the religious communities that these revolts revealed. The book also describes a complex of religious ideas that, however varied in space and unstable over time, has demonstrated a remarkable persistence in Iran across a period of two millennia. The central thesis is that this complex of ideas has been endemic to the mountain population of Iran and occasionally become epidemic with major consequences for the country, most strikingly in the revolts examined here and in the rise of the Safavids who imposed Shi'ism on Iran. This learned and engaging book by one of the most influential scholars of early Islamic history casts entirely new light on the nature of religion in pre-Islamic Iran and on the persistence of Iranian religious beliefs both outside and inside Islam after the Arab conquest.

Islam --- Religion --- History --- History. --- Iran --- Religion. --- Religious history --- Arts and Humanities